Eco&Stat n°2-2025 - Frontier analysis of eco-efficiency gaps: Evidence from 22 European countries
This study estimates and compares eco-efficiency across 22 European countries from 2000 to 2018. The study derives eco-efficiencies from the ratio of gross domestic product to greenhouse gas emissions, and identifies eco-efficient countries as those that maximize their production of goods and services per unit of greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, it identifies Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Norway, and Luxembourg as the most eco-efficient countries. Moreover, the paper investigates technological and policy factors that explain variations in eco-efficiency across the countries. Countries with stricter environmental policy and higher energy tax revenue per unit of greenhouse gas emissions tend to be more eco-efficient. However, gains in eco-efficiency diminish as policy stringency and taxes increase.
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This publication was produced by Golnaz Amjadi, Charles-Henri DiMaria. STATEC would like to thank all the collaborators who contributed to the production of this publication.n.
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